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Tazwart n usegzawal ISSIN (2010)

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    Wali daɣen tazwart n ISSIN wis sin (2016).

    Llan yisegzawalen yuran s snat n tutlayin (tafṛansist/taqbaylit neγ taqbaylit/tafṛansist), llan daγen yimawalen yuran s snat (neγ kṛad) n tutlayin, maca, ar ass-a, ulac asegzawal yuran s tmaziγt neγ s teqbaylit kan : ulac asegzawal n teqbaylit s teqbaylit. Ihi, d wa i d iswi amezwaru n usenfar-a. Dγa, imi d  asegzawal-a ara yeṛṛẓen asalu, ad ilint tγawsiwin ara t-ixuṣṣen. Maca, seg tama-nniḍen, ayen yebγun ixuṣṣ-it, nezmer ad d-nini belli tamaziγt-tazwawt (taqbaylit), am tultayin i tt-yecban, tla asegzawal-is aynutlayan, am wakken i tla yakan tajeṛṛumt-ines taynutlayant (Ẓr. Tajerrumt n tmaziγt n M. Mammeri).

    1. Taqbaylit akked tmaziγt

    Aṭas n tmura ideg tella tmaziγt ass-a : gar-asent Lezzayer, Lmeṛṛuk, Libya, Tunes, Maseṛ, Nijer, Mali, atg.,  melba ma nebder-d timura n Luṛup d tid n Marikan anda ttidiren Yimaziγen i yunagen seg tmura-nsen tineṣliyin. Deg yal tamurt, gar tmura anda werɛad tengir maḍi, ad naf akal tuγ tmaziγt yebḍa d tamiwin iwumi ara nsemmi “tantaliwin”. Deg Lezzayer, d amedya, ad tt-naf tuγ deg kra n tamiwin n wakal n tmurt ; gar temnaḍin-a, ad naf Tamurt (n Leqbayel), Awras, Aγlan, Ahaggar, atg. Seg temnaṭ γer tayeḍ, ad naf tamaziγt temxalaf deg kra n tγawsiwin, maca llant tγawsiwin-nniḍen ideg tantaliwin-a dukklent, acku lemmer ulac maḍi ayen i ten-yezdin, tili ur ttusemmant ara d tisenfal (tantaliwin) n yiwet n tutlayt : tamaziγt.

    Asegzawal-a ihi yewwi-d γef yiwet gar “tentaliwin” n tmaziγt kan : tamaziγt tazwawt neγ taqbaylit, γas akken ahat zemren Yimaziγen n tamiwin-nniḍen ad afen iman-nsen cwiṭ (neγ aṭas) deg-s, acku llan, melba ccekk, wawalen i icerken tantaliwin-a, anda bγunt ilint.

    2. Taqbaylit akked tmeslayin-ines

    Am wakken tebḍa tutlayt tamaziγt d tantaliwin, tantaliwin-a daγen bḍant d tamiwin neγ d timeslayin. Ihi yal tama (tantala), γur-s timeslayin-is. Llant yisegzawalen (asinutlayanen) i d-yewwin yakan γef yiwet n tmeslayt n tmurt n Leqbayel, am win iga Jean-Marie Dallet γef tin At Mengellet. Asegzawal yellan gar yifassen-nwen,  mačči d win n yiwet n tmeslayt ; wa, ira ad yili d asegzawal n teqbaylit, γas akken, am wakken t-id-nenna yakan iwsawen, ad yaf deg-s yimeγri aṭas n tγawsiwin i t-ixuṣṣen ; γas akken daγen ur yemmid ara, imi ur deg-s ara meṛṛa awalen akked yinumak tla teqbaylit ass-a. D acu i anamek n tenfalit-a : asegzawal n teqbaylit ? Aredqal, ad d-nuγal γer wanect-a.

    3. Asegzawal akked umawal

    Deg tazwara, yessefk ad nessimgired gar sin n wawal-a : asegzawal yakk d umawal. Deg umawal (bu snat neγ kraḍ n tultayin), ad naf ala umuγen n wawalen ; deg tama, ad naf awalen n tmaziγt, d amedya, deg tayeḍ (neγ tiyaḍ), ad naf awalen i d-iqublen awalen-nni imaziγen s tefṛansist (s taɛṛabt, s teglizit). Umuγen-a, zemren ad ilin d iwezzlanen neγ d iγezzfanen. Maca annect yebγu yesɛu d awalen, d alef neγ d imelyan, d amawal kan ara yettusemmi. Acuγer ? Acku, ayen ideg yemgarraden asegzawal yakk d umawal, lqay nezzeh. Isegzawalen – am wakken i d-nezwar deg-s nenna-t-id – bḍan γef sin n leṣnaf : llant at sin (neγ kṛad) n tutlayin, llant at yiwet n tutlayt. D tidet, ula deg usegzawal, ad naf deg-s umuγen n wawalen, maca deg usgzawal, ad naf γer tama n yal awal, tirect n yisalen i t-yerzan ; gar yisalen-a, ad naf tira-ines, asusru-ines, anamek (neγ inumak)–ines, imedyaten ideg yezmer ad yettuseqdec, d yisalen-nniḍnin. Seg tama-nniḍen, isalen-a i nezmer ad ten-naf deg usegzawal, nezmer ad ten-nγeṛ s yiwet n tutlayt, ticki asegzawal-a d aynutayan ; neγ s snat n tutlayin, ticki asegzawal d asnutlayan.

    4. Asegzawal n teqbaylit

    Nenna-d iwsawen dakken adlis-a mačči d asegzawal n yiwet n tmeslayt gar tmeslayin n teqbaylit. Tura yewwi-d ad d-nessefhem d acu i d anamek n wawal-a. Neẓra, nenna-t-id yakan – ulac deg-s yakk awalen tla teqbaylit ass-a. Ihi nezmer ad d-nini belli asegzawal-a ur yemmid ara ; dγa, yessefk ad yettwasemmed akka d tasawent. S wawal-a asegzawal n teqbaylit, nra ad d-nini ayen-nniḍen. S wudem ussnan, taqbaylit, d yiwet n tsenfet n tmaziγt, meḥsub : gar tmeslayin n yiwet n tantala yella umsefhem d ameqqran gar yimdanen, acku aṭas n tγawsiwin i tent-icerken, i tent-yezdin ; gar tγawsiwin-a, llan yimesla, wawalen akked yinumak-nsen,  amsizwer n wawalen deg tefyirt, atg. Maca, seg tama-nniḍen, llant daγen tγawsiwin ideg mgaradent tmeslayin-a. Anda i yella wugur ihi ? Ugur ameqqṛan yezga-d deg wayen i tent-yessemgarden,  aredqal ihi ad d-nuγal γer wanect-a s teγzi d telqey.

    5. Iswiyen igejdanen n usegzawal : aglam ussan yakk d uslugen n tutlayt

    Iswi agejdan n usegzawal-a d aglam ussnan n teqbaylit. Deg wuglam ussan n yal tilawt, yessefk ad d-nawi tiγawsiwin akken llant – da yakk d tura – deg tilawt, mačči akken i nebγa ad ilint, neγ akken i nessaram ad ilint. Aya ila azal annect-ila-t deg uglam ussnan. S wawal-nniḍen, mi ara d-nettmeslay γef wawalen d yinumak-nsen, yewwi-d ad ten-d-nini akken i ten-qqaṛen medden, akken i ten-seqdacen medden, akken i ten-fehmen, atg. ; mehṣub, ayen yettxemmim umeskar n usegzawal-a γef tutlayt-a, neγ wid i tt-yettmeslayen, ur iwwi ur irri, ur ili ara azal ussnan maḍi-maḍi. Ayen is ttḥulfun yimsawalen n tutlayt γef tutlayt-nsen, neγ ayen ttxemmimen – ama d ayen ilhan, ama d ayen ur nelhi –, ur yerzi ara aglam (ussnan). Ih ma qqaṛen medden lweqt neγ lawan neγ akud, bab n usegzawal ilaq ad t-id-yini ; ur d-yewwi ara ad d-yesnulhu sγuṛ-s, neγ ad « iṣeggem » tutlayt.

    Imil yella wugur deg wayen i d-nenna akka. Amek ? Deg yiwet n tama, nenna-d dakken asegzawal-a d win n teqbaylit, mačči kan d win n yiwet n tmeslayt gar tmeslayin n teqbaylit. Maca, deg tama-nniḍnin, nenna-d daγen belli taqbaylit tuget, temgarad seg tama γer tayeḍ, seg tmeslayt γer tayeḍ ; amgired-a yellan gar tmeslayin n teqbaylit yerza aṭas n « yiswiren », gar-asen win n yimesla, win n wawalen d yinumak-nsen. Ihi, amek i d-yewwi ad neg ? Gar tifrat yellan i wugur-a, llant ti.

    Tamezwarut, ad neg nezmer ad d-« nextiṛ» kra kan gar tmeslayin-a ? Maca – ma, d tidet, d annect-a i iwulmen – γef wanwa lsas ussnan i nezmer ad nbedd iwakken ad d-« nextiṛ» tameslayt X neγ tameslayt Y? Ulac ccekk, abrid-a ur daγ-yessufuγ ara.

    Tifrat tis snat d ta : ad neg nezmer ad d-nemmeslay yakk γef wayen yellan deg tilawt, meḥsub : yewwi-d ad nebder yakk tisenfal n yal imesli, n yal awal, n yal anamek, atg. ? Abrid-a daγen ur daγ-yessufuγ ara, acku mačči d kra i ixeddem yiwen.

    Tifrat tis kraḍ ihi, d ta : gar wayen ideg mgaradent tmeslayin n teqbaylit, yella wayen isɛan azal ussnan neγ tixuteṛt, maca yella daγen wayen ur nesɛi ara maḍi-maḍi. Dγa, abrid n uslugen utlayan ideg tella teqbaylit (yakk d tmaziγt, s-umata) assa, yeskan-aγ-d ayen annect-a, yeskan-aγ-d ayen ur nli tixuteṛt. Bab n usegzawal-a, am wakken i d-ttwellihen wid yeslugunen tutlayt, yextaṛ « imesla » iwulmen kan, am wid i nettaru ; llant wiyiḍ ur ten-nettaru ara  γas llan di lmenṭeq (Ẓr. da iwsawen §. agemmay) ; d amedya, imesla yecban [ḇ], [ḏ], [ḡ], [k°], atg.Maca, s umata, ayen yerzan « aswir n wawalen» d  yinumak-nsen ila tixuteṛt, ila azal.

    6. Asesmel n wawalen

    Amek sesmilen medden awalen  deg yisegzawalen n tmaziγt ? Leṣnaf n usesmel n wawalen ugten. Win yettwassnen nezzeh nezzeh, ahat d asesmel yebnan γef uẓar n wawal.

    6.1. Asesmel yebnan γef uẓar n wawal

    Neḥsa yakk belli awal n tmaziγt yebna γef uẓaṛ : meḥsub, awal, akken yebγu tili talγa-s, d isem (arbib), d amyag, d amernu, atg., nezmer ad nekkes aẓaṛ-ines. Dγa, awalen n tutlayt-a meṛṛa bnan γef yiẓuṛan. D amedya, aẓaṛ n wawal argaz, d RGZ , win n wawal abluγ, d BLG. Nezmer ad d-nebder aṭas n yimedyaten-nniḍen. Ulayγeṛ ara ten-id-nebder, imi llan yakan yisegzawalen yebnan γef uẓaṛ, d amedya, asegzawal n J.-M. Dallet.

    Ṣṣenf n usesmel yecban wa, ila aṭas n wayen yelhan ; d amedya, yezmer yimeγṛi ad yaf awalen n yiwet n twacult dduklen, meḥsub ad ten-yaf deg yiwet n tewwurt (n usegzawal). D amedya, deg uẓaṛ R(W), ad yaf ddaw-as meṛṛa awalen i d-yekkan seg uẓaṛ-a, am : aru, imru, amaru, amaray,  tira/tirit, tanarit, atg. Maca, seg tama-nniḍen, mačči menwala deg yimeγṛiyen n tmaziγt i izemren ad d-yaf aẓaṛ n wawal ; acku, win iran ad d-inadi γef wawal deg usegzawal-a, yessefk ad d-inadi, ad d-yaf, di tazwara, aẓaṛ-ines. Iban-awen lḥal ihi, annect-a mačči d ayen isehlen. Nezmer ad d-nini ihi dakken ṣṣenf n usegzawal ilaq neγ iwulem i wid yeγṛan, gar cwiṭ d waṭas, tasnilest n tmaziγt.

    6.2. Asesmel yebnan γef ugemmay

    Nezmer daγen ad nessesmel awalen γef lsas n ugemmay ; meḥsub, ad nessesmel awalen γef lsas n usekkil amezwaru  n wawal ; dγa, awalen ibeddun s a, ad ten-naf deg tewwurt A, wid ibeddun s S, ad ten-naf deg tewwurt S, atg.

    Ṣsenf-a n usesmel ila aṭas n dir, gar-asen wid-a. Deg tama, ad naf awalen n yiwet n twacult mceyyaren, wa deg usebter-a, wayed deg usebter-nniḍnin ; tis snat, tuget n wawalen n tmaziγt beddun s yisekkilen yecban : a, i, t, s, t, l, atg.Dγa, mi ara yeldi yimeγṛi asegzawal yecban wa, ad yaf, mebla ccekk, kra n tewwura ččuṛent, kra-nniḍnin, d tilmawin maḍi.

    6.3. Asesmel yebnan γef tergalt tamezwarut n « ufeggag » n wawal

    Asesmel i nextaṛ da, d asesmel yebnan γef tergalt tamezwarut n « ufeggag » n wawal. Amek tga tergalt tamezwarut n « ufeggag » n wawal ? D « awal » mebla tiγṛi-nes tamezwarut, ticki awal ibeddu s teγri, am e, a, u, i ; d « awal » mebla ticreḍt n wunti, ticki awalen-nni d ismawen untiyen ibeddun s ta, ti neγ tu.

    Ṣṣenf-a n usesmel, γuṛ-s, mebla ccekk, ayen n dir d wayen yelhan. Ayen ila dir-it, ahat d amceyyer n wawalen n yiwet n twacult. D amedya, awalen yecban : aru, amaru, tanarit, tira, atg., ur ten-yettaf ara yimeγṛi deg yiwet n tewwurt (n usegzawal), wala deg yiwen n usebter, γas akken seg yiwen n uẓaṛ, R(W), i d-kkan yakk wawalen-a. Maca takti-ya n twacult n wawalen – d isem-is i d awal-is – d takti, meḥsub d ayen yettxeṭṭiṛen deg wallaγ n umdan, mačči d ayen ssnen yakk yimeɣṛiyen/ yimseqdcen ; mebla ccekk, ala wid yeγṛan tasnilest (n tmaziγt) i yessnen, i yegzin takti-ya. Syin γuṛ-s, win iran ad yissin aẓaṛ iseg d-ffγen wawalen-a : aru, amaru, tanarit, tira, mačči d ṣṣenf n usegzawal-a ara imuqel, yessefk ad iṛuḥ ad imuqel asegzawal yebnan γef uẓaṛ, am win n Dallet. Akka d tasawent, yessefk ihi ad γur-neγ aṭas n yisegzawalen, aṭas n leṣnaf. Imiren, win iran kra, ad iṛuḥ ad imuqel ṣṣenf iwulmen.

    Ayen ilhan deg usegzawal yecban wa dakken menwala deg yimeγṛiyen – mačči ala amusnaw n tesnilest n tmaziγt kan – yezmer ad d-yaf awal deg-s ; acku ur yesri (ara) ad d-yaf aẓar n wawal, iwakken ad d-yaf awal-nni. Win yesrin awal, iṛuḥ srid s awal-nni (Ẓr. tarrayt yellan da iweksar). Tin-nniḍen, yal wa d acu i yebγa ad imuqel deg usegzawal, mačči d ssebbat i yuqan. D amedya, yiwen ira ad iẓeṛ amek yettwanṭaq wawal ; wayeḍ, ira ad yissin amek yettwaray ; wis 3, ira ad iẓerṛ ma yella d isem neγ d amyag ; wis 4 ira ad yeḥsu ma ila wawal talγa n wunti neγ tin n usget, atg. Annect-a yakk yezmer yimeγṛi ad imuqel asegzawal-a, mebla ma yezzi inuda γef waẓaṛ-ines. 

    7. Amawal n tmaziγt tazwawt

    Asegzawal-a yellan gar yifassen-nwen d win ara d-yawin γef «wawalen » n tmaziγt (tazwawt) n wass-a (2010), mačči γef tmaziγt n tallit n Yugurten, neγ tin n Ibn Xeldun, neγ tin n Yusef Uqasi. S wawal-a, nra ad d-nini dakken tutlayt, seg tallit γer tayeḍ, tettbeddil, tleḥḥu d lawan ideg tella. Gar tγawsiwin yettbeddilen deg tultayt, llan yimesla, yella umawal, atg. Deg wayen yerzan imesla, nezmer ad d-nebder anekcum n , akked ɛ γer unagraw (n yimesla) n tmaziγt seg wasmi i d-terza taɛrabt γer wakal n Tmazγa. Ihi, seg yimir armi d ass-a, ula d amawal n tmaziγt tazwawt ibeddel. Amawal n tmaziγt yettbeddil, seg tallit γer tayeḍ : llan wawalen «ittezzren» neγ «yettruḥun», meḥsub ur ten-ssexdamen ara medden (aṭas neγ cwiṭ) ; llan wiyiḍ rennun-d, keččmen-d γer tutlayt. Gar wawalen-a i d-irennun, yesṭaqqaten amawal n tutlayt, ad naf ayen iwumi qqaren «awalen imaynuten», ama d «imnakcamen» – llan wid i asen-isemman «ireṭṭalen»–, ama d awalen i d-snulfan yimsawalen n tutlayt.

    7.1. « Awalen imaynuten » d « Yimnakcamen »

    Gar yimsawalen n tutlayt, llan gar-asen wid yettfiqen (am wid yeγṛan teqbaylit rnan γṛan tutlayin-nniḍnin) i «wawalen imaynuten» mi d-rzan γer tutlayt. Dγa, deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, aṭas n « wawalen imaynuten» i d-yernan γer umawal n tmaziγt- teqbaylit ; tuget deg-sen d asnulfu i ten-id-snulfan medden. Maca, uqbel abrid-a n usnulfu, yella ubrid-nniḍen swayes sṭaqqaten medden tutlayin-nsen. Deg tmaziγt- teqbaylit, ama d tin n zik, ama d tin n wass-a, imsawalen « ttagmen-d » awalen seg tutlayin ay ssnen, i yellan ttidirent γer tama-nsen. Daymi i nezmer ad naf deg umawal n teqbaylit awalen i d-yekkan seg tutlayin i yegren aẓaṛ deg Tmazγa ; tutlayin yecban tagrigit, talatinit, taɛṛabt, tafṛansist, tamalṭit, atg.  D acu kan, gar tutlayin yegren aẓaṛ mliḥ-mliḥ deg Tmazγa, tella taɛṛabt, acku tedder azal n 14 n leqṛun γer tama n tmaziγt, s uùmata. Daymi i llan aṭas aṭas n « wawalen » n taɛṛabt i d-ikecmen s amawal n tmaziγt- teqbaylit.  Dγa, anekcum-a n wawalen, seg taɛṛabt γer tmaziγt, seg zik i yella, d acu kan wa seg zik aya, wa-nniḍen melmi aya kan i d-yerza. Amek ara ten-nsemmi i « wawalen-a imaynuten », ama d « ireṭṭalen » ama d wid i d-yennulfan iseggasen-a ineggura ? Tuttra i iceγben mliḥ imdanen, d ta : « awalen-a imaynuten », d awalen n tmaziγt, neγ ala ? Tiririt γef tuttra-ya tesri, mebla ccekk, tikci n kra n taktiwin. Γef wayen yerzan amawal n tmaziγt n wass-a, nezmer ad d-nebder snat n tmuγliwin.

    Tamezwarut, nezmer ad d-neg asegzawal yebnan γef waẓaṛ, am wakken i yexdem Jean-Marie Dallet, ideg yessefk ad d-naf, i yal awal, aẓaṛ-ines yakk d tutlyat tamezwarut iseg d-yekka. Da, iban-awen lḥal : ma yella d awal n tmaziγt, ad d-naf aẓaṛ-ines ; ma yella, daγen seg tutlayt-nniḍen i d-yekka, yewwi-d ad d-nini anta tutlayt, anwa aẓar n wawal.  Deg tmuγli tis snat, asteqsi agejdan iwulmen, mačči d : ma d « aneṣli » neγ d «ajenṭad » wawal ? Neγ, ma yella seg uẓaṛ amaziγ i d-yefruri, neγ seg ḥedd n yiẓuṛan n tutlayt-nniḍen i d-yusa ? Asteqsi iwulmen γef wawal n tmaziγt (n wass-a), d wa : awal-a, yella ?  yekki deg umawal n tmaziγt n wass-a, neγ ala ? ma yella, neγ ma yekki? Yettnamak annect-a : ma yella qqaṛen-t medden ? Qqaṛen-t medden, meḥsub : ma yettwanay deg tuget n tamiwin n Tmurt, ma yeqqaṛ-it umeẓyan d umeqqṛan, argaz tameṭṭut, win yeγṛan d win ur neγṛi, atg. Dγa, ma yella ih, ihi : d awal n tmaziγt ; ma yella ḥedd ur as-isli, ḥedd ur t-yeqqaṛ, ihi mačči d awal n tutlayt-a.

    Takti-ya taneggarut terza xeṛsum « imnakcamen ». Llan wawalen i d-yerzan γer tmaziγt acḥal n leqṛun (neγ n yiseggasen) aya, medden akk qqaṛen-ten, ssexdamen-ten yal ass, maca deg yiqeṛṛa n kra n yimdanen (ama d iselmaden neγ d inelmaden, ama d imeγnasen kan), awalen-a d « ireṭṭalen » kan, meḥsub ur ttusemman ara d “awalen n tmaziγt”. Dγa, lemmer d lebγi, lemmer gar yifassen-nsen i d-yeqqim umawal n tmaziγt, tili ahat « ireṭṭalen »-a meṛṛa ttwakksen ;  tili « fersen» tamaziγt rnan amawal-ines. Iban-awen lḥal, « ireṭṭalen » i terza tukksa-ya neγ « afras»-a, d awalen i d-yekkan seg taɛṛabt, neγ seg tefṛansist, acku d tutlaynin-a kan ay nessen tura. Dγa, ma yella tukksa n tukksa, neγ « afras» n « ufas», acuγer ur tekksen ara yakk awalen i d-yekkan seg tutlayin i yuγen aẓaṛ deg wakal n Tmazγa, seg tallit n Yifniqen d tin n Yiṛumaniyen, alamma d tid n wass-a. D tidet, aṭas n wawalen n tmaziγt i d-yusan seg tefniqt, talatinit, taṭeṛkit, atg. Maca, tutlayin-a i d-nebder ur ttwassnent ara tura, ur tent-ssinen ara yimdanen-a i iran ad «sizdgen» tamaziγt n wass-a, neγ ad tt-«fersen» neγ, ugar, ad tt-«ṣeggmen». Dγa, ur faqen, ur zmiren ad «kksen» awalen-a. Seg tama-nniḍen, awal-a « aṛeṭṭal » (ay ssexdamen kra n medden) ur ilaq, ur iwulem. Acku areṭṭal, yettuγal i bab-is (lall-is) ! Maca deg wayen yerzan tutlayt d umawal-ines, yella ḥedd i d-yerzan, yiwen n wass deg wussan, yenna-d : « Rret-aγ-d awalen-nni i (d)awen-d-neṛḍel » ? Ur cukkeγ ara yella yiwen, neγ ad yili yiwen ara d-yessutren aya. Yella waya, yella wayen yifen aya. Anta tutlayt deg umaḍal ur nli «ireṭṭalen»? Taɛṛabt, d amedya, teččuṛ ; deg tafṛansist akked tegnizit llan, ɛummen. Maca ur «frisen», ur «ferrsen» tutlayin-nsen ! Yella waya, yella wayen yifen aya. Tutlayin, mačči am yimdanen, ttidirent ta γer tama n ta, ur ttmiḥjabent, ur ttgent tilisa neγ ẓẓeṛb gar-asent : ta tkeccem γer ta, mebla takerrust n usemẓi, neγ win n usemγeṛ. Tutlayt ma tesri awal, tettawi-t-id γer tutlayt yellan γer tama-s. Akka i ttidirent tutlayin, akka daγen i tteddunt d ufara rennun ttnernint.

    Takti-ya taneggarut terza daγen «awalen imaynuten » i d-snulfan yimsawalen, ama d At tesdawit, ama d wiyiḍ. Gar wawalen i  d-yennulfan, aṭas deg-sen i yuγen aẓar rnan kecmen s amawal n tutlayt, imi ten-qqaṛen melba takerrust, maca llan wid « yettagin » awalen-a ; « ttagin » ad ten-qeblen, acku semman-ten d «imaynuten». Da daγen yessefk ad fehmen medden dakken yal tutlayt γuṛ-s «iswiren», am wakken i γuṛ-sen yimsawalen «iswiren » deg tussna d tmussni ; meḥsub, yella yiwen ur neγṛi maḍi, yella win yeγṛan ; gar wid yeγṛan, yella uselmad, yella unelmad. Ihi, gar umdan d wayeḍ « aswir » yemxalaf.

    8. Talγa n yisem n tmaziγt (n wass-a)

    Am wakken i t-id-nenna yakan iwsawen, tamaziγt, am tutlayin-nniḍen, tettbeddil seg tallit γer tayeḍ. Ma nger tamawt, akken i d-qqaṛen At umezruy n tmaziγt, ad naf, seg «uswir n yimesla», kecmen-d γer tmaziγt kra n yimesla i d-yekkan seg taɛṛabt, ama /ɛ/ d /ḥ/.  Meḥsub, seg wasmi i d-terza taɛṛabt γer Tmazγa, ula d anagraw n yimesla n tmaziγt ibeddel. Dγa, mačči d annect-a kan i ibeddlen. Gar wayen i d-tewwi taɛṛabt i tmaziγt (ama yelha, ama dir-it), yella ubeddel n talγa n yisem. Amek ?

    Llan kra n yimusnawen n tjeṛṛumt (n tesnilest) i d-yeqqaṛen, d amedya, dakken isem (amaziγ) amalay yezga ibeddu s teγṛi yeččuṛen : a, u, i, γas akken rennun-d qqaṛen-d deg wawal-nsen belli llant kra n tsuraf, am: laẓ, čikmun, fad, atg.  Dγa, ma nger tamawt, ad naf belli wid i d-yeqqaṛen aya ccḍen, γelḍen deg tallit. Ahat d tidet, izmer lḥal belli zik (?) yella wannect-a : isem amalay, s-umata, ibeddu s teγri (yeččuṛen). Maca, zik !! Acku, deg tmaziγt n wass-a, isem amalay ur ibeddu ara kan s teγri, ibeddu s teγri, am wakken i ibeddu s tergalt. Ma nger tamawt (ẓret. da awalen yellan deg usegzawal-a, γas akken ur yemmid ara), ad naf aṭas n wawalen i ibeddun s tergalin, yecban l, s, ğ, ḥ, č, atg.

    Awalen yellan deg usegzawal-a (asmi ara yemmed) d awalen n teqbaylit n wass-a, meḥsub d wid i qqaṛen medden. Dγa, ad naf deg-s «ireṭṭalen» d «yimaynuten». Γef temsalt n  «yireṭṭalen», nefka-d iwsawen takti-nneγ, ihi ulayγeṛ ad as-d-nales da. Γef tin n «yimaynuten», yewwi-d ad nẓer acḥal n leɛmeṛ i as-ilaqen i wawal amaynut (ama d «amnekcam», ama d win i d-yennulfan) i wakken ad yaγ aẓar deg umawal n tutlayt : d iseggasen, neγ d leqṛun ? Wi iẓran !

    Γur-neγ tefra : awal, ma yettwanay, ma sseqdacen-t yimsawalen, d ayen yettusemma d awal n teqbaylit. Asegzi n takti-ya yesri tuγalin γer «uswir» n yimsawalen n tutlayt iγef d-nemmeslay yakan iwsawen. Imsawalen n tutlayt ggten, bḍan d leṣnaf neγ d tirebbaɛ. Tuget n Leqbayel ass-a (wid yeγṛan) d lehduṛ kan i heddṛen taqbaylit, ur tt-ttarun ara, ur ssinen ara (neγ ur bγin ara) ad tt-arun. Maca, llant wid i tt-yettarun, am wakken i ttarun tutlayin-nniḍen (taɛṛabt, tafṛansist); llan daγen wid i tt-ilemmden, i tt-yesselmaden. Mebla ccekk aṭas n wawalen imaynuten ay ssnen ineggura-ya, ur ten-ssinen ara wid ur tt-neγṛi maḍi. S umata, amawal n tussniwin ala wid yeγṛan tutlayt-a i t-yessnen, i tt-yesseqdacen deg lakul neγ deg tesdawit. Ihi, di tegrayt, amawal n tutlayt hraw, rnu yettihriw yal ass.

    9. Iwumi-t usegzawal-a ?

    Asegzawal, am yidlisen-nniḍen, iwulem i win yessnen ad iγeṛ tutlayt ideg yura. Wid ur tt-neγṛi, meẓẓi neγ meqqer deg leɛmeṛ, ur yezmir ara ad yaẓ γuṛ-s neγ ad t-yekcem. Ihi, s-umata, asegzawal-a ilaq i yinelmaden n teqbaylit, akken yebγu yili «uswir» -nsen ; iwulem daγen i yiselmaden n tutlayt-a, acku ur yeshil ara uselmed n tutlayt, menwala deg-sent, ma ur tesɛi ara asegzawal-is.

    Iswi n usegzawal-a ihi d annect-a : nra ad nerr gar yifassen n yiselmaden n tmaziγt tazwawt d yinelmaden-nsen allal n ulmud akked uselmed n tutlayt-a.

    10. Ismilen n wawal n teqbaylit

    Nezmer ad nebḍu awal n teqbaylit γef snat n taggayin : iferdisen yerzan amawal yakked yiferdisen yerzan tajeṛṛumt.

    10. 1. Iferdisen n umawal : umuγ yeldin

    Acuγer d umuγ yeldin ? Acku amawal n tutlayt, am wakken i t-id-nenna iwsawen, yettbeddil seg tallit γer tayeḍ : ttilin wawalen i yettṛuḥun, jellun ; ttilin wiyaḍ i d-irennun.

    Deg umawal, llan sin n yismilen : amyag yakked yisem (neγ arbib). Ihi, ayen ur nelli d amyag neγ d isem (arbib), yettusemma d aferdis n tjeṛṛumt.

    10.1.1. Amyag

    Amek i nezmer ad neɛqel amyag gar wawalen-nniḍen n tmaziγt (tazwawt) ? Amyag ila snat n tecraḍ : 1) tamezwarut, ifetti ; dγa, ma ifetti,  yesɛa amatar udmawan i yecban : γ, t-ḍ, i, atg. 2) tis snat, amyag yesɛa timeẓra i yecban : izri, izri ibaw, urmir, ussid yakked yisuddimen : aswaγ, attwaγ, …

    GRET TAMAWT : llan kra n wawalen, yecban awalen n ubhat, ideg yezmer yiwen ad yemgired, acku ttemcabin cwiṭ γer umyag, imi zemren ad ilin d iseγṛa. md. Yya (yyawt, yyamt) ; aql-i-n (aql-aγ, aql-iken), atg. Гef temsalt-a n useγṛu deg teqbaylit, yewwi-d ad nẓeṛ dakken aseγṛu yezmer ad yili d amyag, d tidet, maca yezmer daγen ad yili d awal n ubhat, neγ tikwal d tanzeγt. md. Гur-i yiwen n umdakkel.

    10.1.2. Isem (arbib)

    Yessefk ad d-nini dakken isem yakked urbib d yiwen n usmil. D amedya, awal aberkan, d isem deg tefyirt-a : D aberkan. Maca d arbib deg ta : D azger aberkan.

    Syin γuṛ-s, isem (neγ arbib) n teqbaylit ila ula d netta ticṛaḍ-ines. Tamezwarut, isem (am urbib) yesɛa tawsit, am umalay d wunti ; tis snat, ila daγen amḍan, am wusuf d usget ; tis kraḍ, yezmer ad γur-s addad, am yilelli yakked umaruz. D amedya, isem aγyul, γur-s unti-ines: taγyult (tiγyal), maca γur-s daγ asget: iγyal; addal-ines amaruz, d : uγyul.

    GRET TAMAWT :

    – Llan kra n yismawen d “iḥiziyen”, meḥsub yiwet n talγa kan ay γuṛ-sen (tiyiḍ ulac-iten ass-a). D amedya, isem (unti asuf)  tidet neγ (tuget) ur tesɛi wala asget, wala amalay ; isem (unti asget) lxalat, ur ili ara asuf ; ismawen (imalayen asufen) laẓ, fad, ur sɛin ara asget, atg.

    – Llan yismawen ur nesɛi ara addad maḍi. Kra n yimedyaten : laẓ, fad, cilmun, tala, tasa, tawla, atg.

    Deg tegrayt, ma nekkes seg wawalen n teqbaylit asmil n yimyagen yakked win n yismawen, ad ggrin yiferdisen n  tjerrumt.

    10.2. Iferdisen n tjeṛṛumt : umuγ iṣekkṛen

    Tamezwarut, am wakken i t-id-nenna yakan, umuγ-a iṣekkeṛ (yeγleq), acku iferdisen-a (n tjeṛṛumt)  ttwassnen yakk.  Tis snat, ismilen i yellan deg wumuγ-a, ttwassnen daγen ; ismilen-a, d wi : 1) imerna ; 2) tisγunin (n tuqqna neγ n usentel) ; 3) imassaγen ; 4) tizelγiwin ( n tnila, n tibewt, …) ; 5) tinzaγ ; 6) imqimen (ilelliyen, iwsilen) ; 7) imataren udmawanen ; 8) imattaren ; 9) iseγra ;  10) awalen-tifyirin ; 11) awalen n ubhat; 12) iwuranen ….

    GM.  Yiwen n uferdis yezmer ad ibeddel tawuri i lmend n tefyirt ideg yella. Kra n yimedyaten :

    a) aferdis γas, d tasγunt deg tefyirt-a : Yusa-d, γas iɛeṭṭel cwiṭ ; maca d tanzeγt deg : гΓas nekki i yuḍnen, uḍnen yakk Yizzayriyen?

    b) aferdis ayen, d amassaγ deg : Ayen i d-nniγ d tidet sari ; maca d amernu deg tefyirt-a : Dayen teqqur tala.

    C) aferdis γur, d tanzeγt deg : Iḍelli, ččiγ imensi γur gma deg uxxam ; maca d aseγru deg : Γur-s nnif yakked yiseγ.

    11. Tigtin n wawal n teqbaylit : talγa & anamek

    Yiwet seg tecṛaḍ n wawal n teqbaylit, xeṣsum amawal-ines, d tigtin-ines : awal yettbeddil seg temnaṭ γer tayeḍ, annect-a d ayen yellan. Syin akkin, abeddel-a yerza talγa, maca yerza anamek daγen. Ihi asegzawal-a ira ad d-yawi, gar cwiṭ d waṭas, seg tegtin-a ; ihi ulayγeṛ ara ad tt-neglez.

    11. 1. Tigtin n wawal deg talγa

    Tigtin-a tettban-d deg waṭas n yiγawasen. 

    1) Imataren udmawanen : amatar yettbeddilen mliḥ talγa seg tamnaṭ γer tayeḍ, d wis 3 n umalay asuf : dγa, anda qqaṛen medden iqqar, ittmettat, isγer, iγṛa, inna, iwwi, atg., ad tafeḍ anda-nniḍen qqaṛen, yeγṛa, yettmettat, yesγeṛ, yenna, yewwi, atg.

    2) Talγa n yisem : isem amaziγ yezmer ad isɛu kteṛ n yiwet n talγa.

    – asuf : seg umyag awfay, nekkes-d arbib : afuyan (awfayan) neγ amufay; azuran neγ azehran ; ahendaz neγ ahendazi, atg.

    – asget : d amedya, qqaṛen medden iqeṛṛa (sf. Aqeṛṛu neγ aqeṛṛuy), maca yella wanda qqaṛen iqeṛṛuyen ; isem tameṭṭut, deg kra n temnaḍin n Tmurt, ur γuṛ-s ara asget, imil yella wanda qqaṛen timeṭṭutin (sf. tameṭṭut) neγ timeṭṭuyin (sf. tameṭṭuyt) ; yella wanda qqaṛen tista (neγ tisita) i tafunast, imil yella wanda qqaren tifunasin.

    3) Tuttya neγ timlellit : ticki sin n wawalen mxalafen deg talγa, maca sɛan yiwen n unamek. D amedya : mγi yakked γmi ; deɛwessu yakked dewɛessu ; iḥeckulen yakked iḥelkucen, atg.

    Gret tamawt : eṛγ yakked γeṛ, d sin n wawalen ; rku yakked kru, d sin n wawalen ; rbu yakked bru neγ bri, d sin n wawalen, acku awalen-a ur sɛin ara yiwen n unamek.

    11. 2. Tigtin n wawal deg unamek

    Tigtin-a tettban-d deg waṭas n yiγawasen. 

    1) tagetnamka : awal yezmer ad γuṛ-s sin (neγ ugar) n yinumak. D amedya, isem agrur (neγ tagrurt) yesɛa kteṛ n yiwen n unamek. Γur kra n Leqbayel, anamek n wawal-a d : «amkan yettwaferrgen s yisγaṛen, s tgusa ideg yettili wulli» ; maca γur kra-nniḍen, tagrurt d amegdawal n tmeγṛust, taneqlet.

    2) tamegdawla : sin (neγ ugar) n wawalen zemren ad γuṛ-sen yiwen n unamek. D amedya, qqaṛen ibki, maca qqaṛen daγen iddew neγ aḥallum. Ihi, ibki, iddew yakked aḥallum d imegdawalen ; taqcict, taḥdayt, tameččukt yakked taqṛuṛt, d imegdawalen.

    3) tazengamta : sin (neγ ugar) n «wawalen» zemren ad sɛun yiwet n talγa (ad ttwaran kifkif), maca ad mxalafen deg unamek.  D amedya, iγil (n umdan) yakked iγil deg ugama ; creḍ i d-yefkan ticreṭ yakked creḍ i d-yefkan ccerṭ.

    12. Tasnarrayt

    Ugur i nra ad d-nessegzi da, d wa : awal n teqbatylit, xeṛsum amyag neγ isem, ila aṭas n talγiwin. D amedya, isem yezmer ad γuṛ-s talγiwin-a : amalay, unti, asget. Seg tama-nniḍen, amyag yezmer daγen ad yesɛu aṭas n talγiwin : anaḍ, izri, urmir, ussid, atg. Iban-awen lḥal, ur yettaf ara yimeγṛi yakk talγiwin-a deg tewwura n usegzawal-a. Ihi, tella talγa ara yaf deg tewwurt (n wawal), llant talγiwin ara yaf deg uḍris imsegzi (n tewwurt). Ihi, amek i d-yewwi ad nessesmel awalen n teqbaylit ? Meḥsub anta talγa n wawal ara yaf yimeγṛi deg tewwura, anta talγiwin ara yaf deg yiḍrisen imsegziyen?

    12.1. Tawwurt (n wawal)

    Tiririt γef tuttra-ya temxalaf akken mxalafen yismilen n wawal. S-umata, aferdis n tjeṛṛumt yiwet n talγa kan ay γuṛ-s. Ihi, ur yewɛir γef yimeγṛi ad d-yaf awal ittekkin deg usmil-a. Maca, ayen yerzan amyag neγ isem, d ayen-nniḍen

    1) Amyag : γef wayen yerzan amyag, talγa ara yaf yimeγṛi deg tewwurt d talγa taḥerfit n unaḍ, di tegti. D amedya: issin, ẓer, rid, γeṛ, eṛγ,  aru, seww, siwel, atg.

    GRET TAMAWT : ma yella ulac (neγ ur tettwassen ara) talγa taḥerfit n unaḍ, ad t-tafem s talγa swayes yettwassen. D amedya, imyagen yecban ttemrafi, ttiḥil, atg., ur sɛin ara talγa taḥerfit.

    2) Isem (arbib) : γef wayen yerzan isem, talγa ara yaf deg tewwurt d talγa n wasuf amalay, am : awrir, izem, argaz, amur, urar, afus, adan, aḍiḥan, asfel, ass, atg.

    GRET TAMAWT : ma yella ulac-it s talγa n umalay, ad t-tafem s talγa n wunti ; kra n yimedyaten : tameṭṭut, tidet, tuget, tumeṭ, taduṭ, tanuṭ, tala, tizi, tarwa, times, tidet, tuget, tiẓet, atg.

    Ma yella ulac asuf (d amalay neγ d unti), ad t-tafem s talγa swayes yettwassen : talγa n usget. Kra n yimalayen :  iffan, irden, iẓan, ibeccan, ibeccicen, ilefḍan, inğan, atg. ; kra n wuntiyen : allen, tiẓurin, tismin, rregmat, timẓin, ssɛayat, lefxaṛat, tirwas, tirtaw,  atg.

    12.2. Aḍris n tewwurt

    S-umata, aḍris n tewwurt, akken yebγu yili usmil ideg yella, yebna am wakka : 1) tira-ines tumrist ; 2) asmil-ines deg tjeṛṛumt (d isem, d amyag neγ d aferdis n tjeṛṛumt – tanzeγt, amernu, amqim, atg.) ; 3) tabadut-ines* (neγ : imegdawalen-ines) ; 4) amedya ideg yezmer wawal ad yettuseqdec. Deffir n wanect-a, ayen yellan deg uḍris n tewwurt yemxalaf.

    – Isem (arbib) : ticki d isem, yezmer yimeγṛi ad yaf deg : 5) talγiwin-ines-nniḍen yettwassnen am wunti, asget (ma llant) ; 6) amegdawal (ma yella) ; 7) ameglawal (ma yella).

    – Amyag : deffir umedya, yezmer yimeγṛi ad yaf deg 5) : timeẓṛa n umyag s umsezwer-a : izri, izri ibaw, ad+ urmir, ussid ; 6) : amaγun n yizri ; 7) : isuddimen n yisem (ma llan) : isem amyag, arbib, isem ameggay… ; 8) isuddimen n umyag (ma llan) : aswaγ, attwaγ, amyaγ… 9): ameglawal (ma yella).

    13. Anamek n wawal neγ tabadut-ines

    Tikci n unamek n wawal (neγ tabadut-ines) tettili-d s yiberdan yemxalafen. Yezmer ad yili :

    – s ticki n umegdawal (neγ imegdawalen) neγ s unemgawal – ticki i llan ;

    – s usegzi n wawal, anda yezmer yimeγṛi ad yaf, deg tazwara, «asmil» ideg yekki wawal-nni, d : imγi, lfakya, lxedṛa, aγeṛsiw n uxxam, aγeṛsiw n lexla (n teẓgi), abeɛɛuc, aṭṭan, …. Syin γuṛ-s, yezmer ad yaf ticraḍ-nniḍen n unamek n wawal.

    14. Amek ara d-tafem awal deg usegzawal-a ?

    Anadi n wawal yesri yimeγri, ad d-yili am wakka :

    14. 1. Tiwwura n berra (n usegzawal)

    Awalen ibeddun s tergalin, ad ten-tafem deg tewwura-nsen n beṛṛa. D amedya, cfu deg ; ddu deg D ; ḥlu deg Ḥ ; lluz deg ; ru deg ; zlu deg Z ; ẓẓu deg , atg.

    (ii) Awalen ibeddun s teγra (e, i, u, a) neγ s : ti, tu, ti : kkset-asen i wawalen tiγra-nni (e, a, u, i) neγ ta, tu, ti. D amedya, awal icc, deg C ; ečč, deg Č ; aḍu, deg  ; iγi, deg Γ ; taxriṭ, deg ; tawla, deg W ; tizi, deg Z ; turet, deg R, atg.

    14. 2. Tiwwura n yixxamen (n usegzawal)

    Yal targalt deg ugemmay tettusemma d tawwurt n beṛṛa n usegzawal-a. D amedya, mi ara yekcem yimeγṛi deg tewwurt (n beṛṛa) B, ad iɛawed ad yekcem deg tewwura n yixxamen yecban :  Ba, Bb, Bc, Bč, atg.

    14. 3. Tiwwura n tzeγwin (n usegzawal)

    Mi yekcem yimeγṛi deg tewwurt n uxxam, d amedya Ba, yezmer ad yekcem daγen deg tewwura n tzeγwin yecban Bab, Bac, Bbe, Bci, atg.

    15. Tawwurt tagejdant

    Win yegren tamawt, ad yaf sin n leṣnaf n tewwura (n yixxamen, n tzeγwin) : tigejdanin akked tsesnatin; tisesnatin d tid yesɛan titratin (*).

    Tawwurt tagejdant, d awal agejdan i nefren deg usegzawal-a : meḥsub d imi – d isem-is i d awal-is – iseg yezmer yimeγṛi ad yekcem s awal d unamek-ines, iwakken ad yaf awalen ijenṭaden i yekkin deg taywa n wawal-a agejdan. D amedya, awal, d tawwurt tagejdant, maca nezmer ad naf tiwwura tisesnatin n awal, am siwel neγ tasawalt.

    15.1. Tawwurt tisesnat

    Lemmer d lebγi tili awalen n teqbaylit meṛṛa llan deg usegzawal-a,  tili llan deg tewwura tigejdan yakk !  Tili, d amedya, nufa deg yal tawwurt (tagejdant) awalen i d-yettwasuddmen seg wawal aru, am : tirit, tira, myaru, ttwaru, amyaru, imru, amaru, atg. Deg teẓṛi, nezmer ahat ad d-neg, akka d tasawent, asegzawal ideg ara naf meṛṛa awal n tezwawt. Maca mačči d wa i d iswi n umahil-a. Ihi ulayγeṛ ara d-ales s teγzi i usegzi n tarrayt i neḍfeṛ da. Maca, seg tama-nniḍen, nezmer ad d-nefk ala awalen “igejdanen”, ulayγeṛ ara d-nernu maḍi awalen i d-yettwasuddemen ! Acuγer i ten-id-nerna ihi ? Acku, tikwal ttilin wawalen i “yuklalen” ad zgen d tiwwura (yesɛan titrit), γas akken mačči d «igejdanen». Amek ? Aswir n yimeγṛiyen ara yaẓen s asegzawal-a yemxalaf : yella win yessnen ad yeg assaγ gar wawalen, meḥsub yezmer ad yegzi dumatu belli sin (neγ ugar) n wawalen kkin deg yiwet n taywa, am : aru, amaru, tira, myaru, atg. ; maca yella win ur nezmir i wannect-a. D amedya, ma yettnadi yiwen γef wawalen «ijenṭaden», yecban tira neγ amaru, imeγṛi yessnen ad iṛuḥ srid γer uḍris n tewwurt (tagejdant) aru ; d anemgal n win ur nessin : netta, ad ten-yettnadi anda-nniḍen. Ihi nra ad sifses cwiṭ taɛkemt i yimeγṛiyen : d amedya, ad naf awal (agejdan) rid akked d wawalen n taywa-s (am : tarda, yurad, ur yurid, ad yurad, i/yettrid, sired, …), maca ad tili tewwurt tasesnat ideg ara naf daγen sired (γas akken sired yella yakan deg tewwurt rid).

    Wali daɣen tazwart n ISSIN wis sin (2016).